population of the south before the civil war

Thus to include them as potential property holders slightly distorts the true wealth distribution. The number 1.4% is likely derived by taking the number of "slaveholders" (393,975) as a fraction of the "total free population" (27,233,198), which yields 1.4%. Robert Haywood, in his article "Mercantilism and South Carolina Agriculture, 17001763", argues that "it was unthinkable that any trade could prosper in the straight-jacket of regimented and restricted international trade, without the guiding hand of a powerful protecting government. April 2015 - History - U.S. Census Bureau > Population in 1870: 1,721,000 ranked 5 out of 34, New Hampshire The wealthiest state per capita then is the poorest in per capita income todayMississippi. Both their estimates place Southern per capita income for the total population considerably lower than Northeastern per capita income, with the North Central states measured at only half the per capita income of the Northeast. } This demonstrates a small rate of growth, if any, in the proficiency of the human capital of the timethe skill set a worker has to apply to the labor force, which can increase total output through increased efficiency. The North Central and West North Central regions include Missouri. Droughts as severe as the 1860 one which William L. Barney exploits in his book The Secessionist Impulse were quite rare. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. If the slaves had been free they would have been in a position to accumulate wealth, but that was not the situation of 1860. The Border states (including West Virginia), though with per capita wealth among both total and free population higher than Northern, had wealth levels closer to the Norths than to the four Upper Southern states of present-day Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Most importantly, it presents an erroneous picture of Southern wealth, as only the free were in a position to accumulate the wealth reported. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set After all the South lost the Civil War, and everyone knows the great predominance of the Union in population, railroad mileage, commerce, finance, and industry. The depth of that wealth, its extension throughout society on a close par with the North, helps explain why the masses of Southerners supported secession and the Confederacy. Studies of regional income were among the first academic efforts to suggest Southern prosperity in the pre-war years. Such methods lower Southern wealth, the latter drastically. Washington, D.C., had only 132,000 people. The South had many large farms and was less industrialized than the North. if (windowHref.indexOf('?') This page was last edited on 16 July 2023, at 23:53. May 15, 2014. Analogous to today where wealth can fluctuate with value changes in stocks, factories, and other forms of property, the South suffered a huge loss of total wealth and assets when the American Civil War ended and slaves were no longer counted as physical property. document.write( 24: Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century, by the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), 105-106. As Russell Menard puts it, Britain's capitalizing on increased European demand for these crops "fueled the expansion of the American plantation colonies, transformed the Atlantic into an English inland sea, and led to the creation of the first British Empire. The census wealth data shows the South to have a higher per capita wealth, even with the slave population counted, than the Northeast, with the per capita wealth of the North Central states comparing somewhat favorably with that of the Northeastern statesmuch more favorably than the ratio of per capita income between the two sections. The matter of Southern self-sufficiency remains open to some debate. These statistics reveal a surprising similarity of wealth distribution among the free men of North and South. This was true before, during and after the US Civil War. Civil War Statistics: Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. Population The total population included 3,953,762 slaves. (July 8, 2019). United States: black and slave population 1790-1880 | Statista url("//cdn2.editmysite.com/fonts/SQ_Market/sqmarket-medium.woff2") format("woff2"), Three hundred and thirty-five (335) Southern counties were wealthier than the richest Northern county. > Population in 1870: 997,000 ranked 16 out of 34, Arkansas > Population in 1860: 604,000 ranked 23 out of 34 By 1860 the proportion of Southerners holding land had increased somewhat, to 44 percent of adult free males, still slightly above the Northern percentage and only slightly less than the proportion in the Northwest, 45 percent. But if the U.S. is headed toward declaring war on itself, again, it would have to be unimaginably bloody to come close to what happened more than 160 years ago. } else { American Civil War, also called War Between the States, four-year war (1861-65) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.. Prelude to war. Chart. //-->. What is perhaps most interesting in this regional breakdown is the poor showing of the Northeast in comparison with regional income estimates of Richard Easterlin and Stanley Engerman. Population of the US in 1860, by race and gender | Statista Likewise, in order to remain within the same class, members of the master class (and each subsumed class below) must expand their claim on revenues derived from the slave labor surplus. The leading historian of the era was Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, who studied slavery not so much as a political issue between North and South, but as a social and economic system. > Population in 1860: 460,000 ranked 24 out of 34 American Civil War - Statistics and Facts | Statista > Population in 1860: 1,350,000 ranked 5 out of 34 However, in that same year, only 3 percent of whites owned more than fifty slaves, and two-thirds of white households in the South did not own any slaves at all. With but few exceptions Olmsted portrays the planters as possessing nominal wealth in land and slaves but lacking in their homes even the comforts of an ordinary working man in the North. facts. Engermans major revision was including Texas in the South. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. > Population in 1860: 330,000 ranked 26 out of 34 Sanctuary City Mayor Trashes An AMERICAN Hero, Robert E. Lee. While the two largest classes in the South included land- and slave-owners and slaves, various strata of social classes existed within and between the two. Soltow based his study upon a sampling of free adult males found in the manuscript schedules of the censuses of population of 1850, 1860, and 1870. [citation needed] His conclusions about the economic decline of slavery were challenged in 1958 by Alfred H. Conrad and John R. Meyer in a landmark study published in the Journal of Political Economy. and over 1Mio. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 1000+ markets in 190+ countries & territories, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 39,000+ online stores and marketplaces. The overall population rose from about 5 million to 19 million during that time. The years between 1800 and 1860 marked a period of rapid population growth throughoust the United States. 'before the war') spanned the end of the War of 1812 to the start of the American Civil War in 1861. Strengths and Weaknesses: North vs. South [ushistory.org] [20], Regional comparisons are very interesting:[21], The regions broken down into their respective divisions according to the current census bureau definitions, with the exception that Missouri is placed within the West South Central division, are:[22], The following comparison uses the regions Richard Easterlin and Stanley Engerman employed for their per capita income estimates:[23], A breakdown of the Southern states into the Lower South, the Upper South, and the Border states reveals these figures:[24]. false: -Reliance on slave labor in the Upper South states was minimal. Technology, Modernity, and the U.S. South before the Civil War. [19] The average free person in the future Confederate States, minus the counties which became West Virginia, was worth $1,255.45; in the seven states of the Lower South, $1,508.61. July 8, 2019. Though slaves held small amounts of personal property, it was not reported on the census schedules. > Population in 1870: 1,055,000 ranked 15 out of 34, Sponsored: Find a Qualified Financial Advisor. 1.8 percent versus 1.3 percent if only the free population is considered.[5]. The southern part of the United States was vastly different from the New England area. This data might seem to suggest extreme Southern inequality in wealth distribution but in reality the information shows surprising little divergence of inequality levels between North and South. The demand for slave labor and the U.S. ban on importing more slaves from Africa drove up prices for slaves, making it profitable for smaller farms in older settled areas such as Virginia to sell their slaves further south and west. Virginia, home to the Confederate capital of Richmond, dropped from seventh to tenth place, with almost no change in population. "Population of The Union States before and after The American Civil War in 1860 and 1870 (in 1,000s). [citation needed]. Almost as striking a contrast existed between the eleven Confederate States and those of the Border as between the former and the North. The 1860 census Schedule 1 (Free Inhabitants) was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States; the other was Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants). [7], Virtually all of the data assembled by the cliometricians, and their interpretations of these statistics, portray the antebellum Southern economy on quite favorable terms with the Northern economy. [Online]. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,322 in 33 states and 10 organized territories. Once upon a time we all knew that the antebellum South was poor, asserted Harold D. Woodman in the 1975 issue of Agricultural History. In the 15 years between the invention of the cotton gin and the passage of the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, an increase in the slave trade occurred, furthering the slave system in the United States.[6]. > Population in 1870: 132,000 ranked 32 out of 34, Florida If youre ready to be matched with local advisors that can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now. Men such as Frederick Law Olmsted described graphically the unfavorable, even wretched living conditions of many of the Southerners they met, Olmsted even asserting that nine-tenths of the neighbors of gentlemen he met for a hundred miles around them lived in a manner which, if witnessed at the North, would have made them objects of compassion to the majority of our day-laborers.[1]. White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation - PBS Facts - The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service) windowHref = windowHref.replace(/'/g, "%27"); [2] J. E. Cairnes, The Slave Poweri (London: Macmillan and Co., 1863), 82-83, 103. As a result, tobacco plantations sprung up across the American South in large numbers to support European demand. The Norths economy was-much closer to the industrial, modern system that is equated with wealth and progress than was the Souths backward looking agrarian economy and paternalistic social system. 1860 - 89.01% Roughly 2% of the population, an estimated 620,000 men, lost their lives in the line of duty. Accentuated by the rise in price of slaves seen just prior to the Civil War, the overall costs associated with owning slaves to the individual plantation owner led to the concentration of slave ownership seen at the eve of the Civil War. if (document.cookie.match(/(^|;)\s*is_mobile=1/)) { The South During the Civil War - Library of Congress Adjusted for population, this would be equivalent to six million U.S. fighters dying in battle over a four-year period. The descriptions by Olmsted and Cairnes are truly amazing in their assertions. Library of Congress. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States, was the center of the Union war effort, which rapidly turned it from a small city into a major capital with full civic infrastructure and strong defenses.
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