A son growing up with a biological mother in comparison with a biological father also significantly increased the chance that the son became a suspect of delinquent behavior (OR = 5.58/4.85 = 1.15, 95% CI [1.09, 1.21]). These type of co-parenting arrangements cannot be studied, which is unfortunate as an increasing proportion of separated parents in Western countries now have co-parenting arrangements in place (Smyth, 2017). The BVH replaced the HKS, and it comprises a more elaborate list of offenses than the HKS system (see Table 1A for an overview of the types of crime in both datasets). Children who experienced parental separation and children having one deceased biological parent both showed lower levels of delinquency. Bijna 1 op de 6 kinderen woont in een eenouderhuishouden. This is in contrast with all theories mentioned regarding the sex of the single parent combined with juvenile delinquency (Bowlbys attachment theory, the maternal hypothesis, the equality hypothesis, and the same-sex hypothesis). The effects of family type, family relationships and parental role models on delinquency and alcohol use among Flemish adolescents. Criminology, 41(4), 12491286. Individuals were excluded from the analysis if they were stillborn, if they passed away before the age of 19, or if they were born outside the Netherlands. Messerschmidt, J. W. (2013). *U.S. Census Bureau. A daughter growing up with only a biological mother (OR = 2.00, 95% CI [1.95, 2.05]) or only a biological father (OR = 1.79, 95% CI [1.66, 1.93]) significantly increased the chance that the daughter became a suspect of delinquent behavior compared to a daughter growing up with both biological parents. Three types of single-parent families with children residing with one biological parent can be distinguished based on whether the family was generated by (1) parental separation, (2) the death of a parent, or (3) the child being raised by a single parent since birth. Second, our study did not make a distinction between temporary parental separations and permanent parental separations. Congruent with these contradicting theories, empirical studies show conflicting results as well. The children can be registered at only one address in the Dutch population register, yet other types of living situations are possible as well. Households with children in the EU. Second, from 1995 onwards, divorcing parents could request joint legal custody of their children instead of the default of sole custody, and in 1998, joint legal custody became the default option (Staatsblad, 1995, 1997). Third, we controlled for the annual income of the household in which the child lived at age 12. This hypothesis is only partially confirmed, because sons growing up with biological mothers (compared to sons growing up with biological fathers) did show a higher likelihood to engage in juvenile delinquency. If a child has one parent who was born in a Western county and one parent who was born in a non-Western county, this child was categorized as one or two biological parents were born in a non-Western country. Seventh, we controlled for the age of the biological mother when the child was born, consisting of the categories until age 19, between age 20 and 29, between age 30 and 39, and 40 years and older. To prevent multicollinearity, the age of the biological father was not included because it very strongly correlates with the age of the mother. The results, reported in Table 2, demonstrate that having lived with one biological parent before age 12 (compared to having lived with two biological parents before age 12) significantly increased the odds that the child became a suspect of delinquent behavior during adolescence (OR = 1.70, 95% CI [1.67, 1.73]). The maternal hypothesis is very similar, as it states that living with a single mother should be expected to cause a lower level of delinquency than living with a single father, because the mother is better able to exercise a more effective control of the child (see Eitle, 2006). Both the children experiencing a parental separation and the children with one deceased biological parent show a lower likelihood to become a suspect of delinquent behavior when the children are older at the start of the single-parent family. In this paper, we attempt to unpack the relationship between criminal behavior of adolescents and growing up in a single-parent family by distinguishing differential characteristics of single-parent families in the Netherlands. Massoglia, M. (2008). Hay, C., Fortson, E. N., Hollist, D. R., Altheimer, I., & Schaible, L. M. (2006). Allie is an 18-year old with long brown hair who boasts "tons of sexual experience.". Fifth, we controlled for the possibility that a biological parent in a single-parent family got a new partner, by means of repartnering in the form of a cohabiting union or remarriage. Basic demographic and administrative information about individuals and their family members, such as their date of birth and death, sex, registered address, and marital status, were extracted from the population register (Basisregistratie Personen). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01019.x, Price, C., & Kunz, J. This implies that the relationship between growing up in single-parent families and juvenile delinquency is much more complex than often assumed. It is possible that the separated biological parents reunite after a (couple of) year(s). Looking at statistics it's easy to assume children raised by single mothers commit more crime, are less educated, and are more depressed because of poverty alone. (Pew Research, 2019) Among OECD countries, Latvia has the highest proportion of children living with a single parent. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 355. https://doi.org/10.1037//0893-3200.15.3.355, Amato, P. R., & Cheadle, J. E. (2008). However, although our results indeed showed a statistically significant difference between single fathers and single mothers, these differences are rather small (i.e., this is an enormous dataset and tiny associations observed will often be significant), and we found no gender differences for children experiencing a parental separation and children having one deceased biological parent when specifically looking at the type of single-parent family. Sex differences in the effects of family structure on childrens aggressive behavior. Although the dataset thus does not only contain data about delinquents who were convicted, over 90% of the people in the dataset are estimated to receive a transaction (e.g., a fine) or to be charged and found guilty by a judge (Besjes & Van Gaalen, 2008). Well, now that we see the whole data set, one might. Moving beyond fatherhood involvement: The association between fatherchild relationship quality and youth delinquency trajectories. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5(4), 385410. (2022). Rethinking the paradigm of juvenile delinquency as related to divorce. Note that the estimates reported in Table 3 (and in the other regression result tables) allow us to compare the effects of any two categories by taking the ratio of their odds ratios. However, research shows that for over 99% of the children, their parents are their legal as well as their biological parents (e.g., Larmuseau et al., 2017). "A Cornell study found that unwed mothers are 30 percent less likely to marry than other single . 52.9% of single mothers are millennials. When it comes to age, single dads also tend to be somewhat older than single mothers. Data management, record linkage, and analyses were executed on the secure server of Statistics Netherlands with STATA, version 15.0. Bowlbys attachment theory (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991) predicts that separation from the mother is more harmful than separation from the father. Our results also showed that disruptions at younger ages are more damaging than disruptions at a later age (in line with Bowlbys attachment theory). Again, as mentioned above, this might be explained by paternal closeness, since both sons and daughters show a lower likelihood to engage in juvenile delinquency when the closeness to their father is high (Johnson, 1987; Yoder et al., 2016), most likely also occurring in single-father families. A daughter growing up with only a mother when the daughter is born to a single parent compared to growing up with only a father when the daughter is born to a single parent, significantly increased the chance that the daughter became a suspect of delinquent behavior. 70% of youths in state-operated institutions come from fatherless homes - 9 times the average. Since a study by Juby and Farrington (2001) found contradictory results depending on the method used to investigate the differences between parental separation and parental death, and a recent study by Berg et al. This means that people received a procs-verbal, an official report drawn up by a police officer about a crime that has occurred. Based on the equality hypothesis, we hypothesize that the sex of the biological parent in a single-parent family does not affect the likelihood to engage in juvenile delinquency (H3c). Another logistic regression model was estimated to investigate the relation between the age of the children when the different single-parent families were constituted and juvenile delinquency, in comparison with children living with both biological parents (see Fig. Welke definitie van migratieachtergrond wordt in de barometer gehanteerd? Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 1(1), 3347. The HKS was dismantled in 2014. For children born to a single parent, the value of this variable was 0 by definition. This means that hypothesis H1a is confirmed, because growing up in a single-parent family increased the likelihood to engage in juvenile delinquency compared to growing up with two biological parents. (Stacker, 2021) Single Parent Statistics Mother Vs Father. Most unmarried mothers (n = 531) were identified based on an entry 'unmarried' in the birth record. Two children were omitted from the analysis, because the category deceased parent at age 1 only comprised of two children. Since single mothers make less money than 2 parent households. A potentially important omission in most previous studies about the role of single-parent families in the onset of juvenile delinquency is that they have not considered the constituting event that generates a single-parent family (Kroese et al., 2021). The delinquency of children born to young mothers: Results from the Rochester Youth Development Study. Family Court Review, 55(4), 494499. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 27(3), 206214. (Illustration by Elena Lacey/The Washington Post; iStock) 7 min. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Age 0 represents the children born to a single parent, and these children show a higher likelihood to become a suspect of delinquent behavior (OR = 1.94, 95% CI [1.89, 1.99]) than children living with both biological parents. Janique Kroese. For the present study, seven complete birth cohorts of individuals born in the period 19931999 were selected. Results: The demographic characteristics of the weighted population showed that taxable income, total income, and poverty status were higher for single fathers than mothers, while non-work income was higher for single mothers than fathers. One of the negative consequences that have been studied extensively is involvement in criminal behavior as an adolescent. See Table 4 for an overview of the hypotheses and findings in this study. Has anything changed since then? Even never married women were more than twice as likely to be victims of domestic violence as married women.". (2007). Smyth, B. M. (2017). Retrieved January 5, 2022, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20190601-1, Farrell, G., Tilley, N., & Tseloni, A. Retrieved January 5, 2022, from https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_pdf/2019/24/2019ep12-children-of-separated-parents.pdf, Vanassche, S., Sodermans, A., Matthijs, K., & Swicegood, G. (2014). Our findings suggest that the likelihood of juvenile delinquency increases (1) when children are born to a single parent, followed by children with separated parents and children experiencing parental death, compared to children growing up with both biological parents; (2) when the single-parent family started at a younger age; and (3) when children grow up with only a biological mother, for both sons and daughters, compared to only a biological father. Correspondence to However, it is not clear yet to what extent the age of the children at the start of the family disruption influences the relation between living in single-parent families and juvenile delinquency. This feature allows for more meaningful interpretations. In order to correct for the impact of household size and composition on household income, we made use of an equivalence scale (CBS, 2019b), by taking into consideration (1) the size of the household and (2) whether the members were adults (18 years and older) or children. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The effects of single-mother and single-father families on youth crime: Examining five gender-related hypotheses Authors: Siu Kwong Wong Request full-text Abstract This study examined the. The influence of family process and structure on delinquency in adolescenceAn examination of theory and research. Examining the potential association between immigration and criminal involvement using a nationally representative and longitudinal sample of youth. The impact of community disadvantage on the relationship between the family and juvenile crime. Demographic Research, 36, 73110. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v39n01_07, Ram, B., & Hou, F. (2005). In contrast with the hypothesis regarding age of the child at the start of the family (with results in line with Bowlbys attachment theory), the hypotheses about the differences between single-parent families (based on the family crisis model) and the sex of the parent whom the children live with (based on Bowlbys attachment theory, the maternal hypothesis, the equality hypothesis, and the same-sex hypothesis) were not confirmed. Future research should pay more attention to diversity in the composition of single-parent families. For instance, because the household income is generally lower in families with only one biological parent, it is possible that the children are more inclined to engage in offenses such as stealing to obtain money. Retrieved January 5, 2022, from: https://richtlijnenjeugdhulp.nl/scheiding/interventies-voor-jeugdigen-met-gescheiden-ouders/algemene-adviezen-naar-leeftijd-van-de-jeugdigen/, Rima, D., Yerbol, A., Batyrbek, S., Orynbassar, T., & Beaver, K. M. (2019). Because the sample includes multiple siblings from the same families, these siblings have common unmeasured household characteristics. Mothers versus fathers role in causing delinquency. Although a child in our study is categorized as having experienced a parental separation, which is correct, it would be great to take into account in future research whether the parents permanently separated, reunited before age 12 of the child, or reunited during the childs adolescent years. J Dev Life Course Criminology 7, 596622 (2021). Second, to account for the universally observed sex difference in delinquency, we controlled for the sex of the child. Second, we cannot extract the full information from the data about the living situation of the families. Based on the family crisis model, we expected to find that children experiencing a parental separation would show the highest level of juvenile delinquency, followed by children experiencing a parental death, and that children born to a single parent would show the lowest level of juvenile delinquency. Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Third, equality between men and women in Western societies is increasing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-021-00183-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-021-00183-7. However, according to general strain theory (Agnew, 2006), having a stepparent in the household might raise the level of family discord and lead to a greater risk of delinquency. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006297369, Pew Research Center (2019). These results do not confirm hypothesis H2b, because both a lower age of the children when their parents separated and a lower age of the children when one of the parents passed away increased the likelihood to engage in juvenile delinquency. Vanassche et al. CBS. Moreover, in the cohorts studied, fewer than 1.5% of all children, or 4% of those experiencing single parenthood, had spent any time with a single father by age 10/11. (Pew Research, 2019) Conversely, the lowest percentages of single parent households are recorded in Mali (1%), Afghanistan (1%), and Turkey (2%). https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758019900392, CBS (2018). Crime as structured action: On the intersection of masculinities, race, class, sexuality, and crime. Disentangling the link between disrupted families and delinquency. Moreover, when we combine these theoretical ideas and the family crisis model, we hypothesize that children experiencing a parental separation growing up with only a biological father show the highest level of juvenile delinquency, and children born to a single parent growing up with only a biological mother show the lowest level of juvenile delinquency (H3b). Agnew, R. (2006). Consequently, we include household income and the presence of stepparents in the reported outcomes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41(1), 5881. A family environment that includes both biological parents is often seen as an important resource for a successful transition through adolescence (Amato, 2001). Their population-based cohort study comprised 40 000 people who took part in the Canadian Community Health . P.57-58. However, our results showed that children born to a single parent growing up with only a biological father showed the lowest level of juvenile delinquency, and children born to a single parent growing up with only a biological mother showed the highest level of juvenile delinquency. No parental sex differences were found when daughters experienced a parental separation or a parental death.
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