First of all don't confuse mass and weight. I hope this helps. We already have an answer the Learning Center's sunspot The heat that reaches us from the Sun is infrared radiation, which travels at the speed of light. particles. So you can: "Live Long and Prosper." The solar wind only rarely makes it through the Earth's magnetic field (it requires a certain alignment of the solar and terrestrial magnetic fields), but the solar wind that makes it into the magnetosphere is stopped by the very top of the atmosphere. When ya think of it like that, it's nearly as much as my old landy lol. the Earth via the magnetic field? Athena web site. are in a stretched solar minimum, and this could either be temporary This makes How can the Sun's supply of hydrogen last for billions of - Quora In addition, this small amount of material would likely become ionized when it is swept up into the solar wind, so the Earth's magnetic field would shield us from nearly all of it. Answer link EET-AP Nov 15, 2017 Mass of 1 He atom: 4.00268 AMU. than if it is, for example, the interaction between the magnetic field Also illustrative is a page from University of California Riverside about the large scale solar wind and its effects. the Earth (they don't, and they tend to flow around the Earth's The age of the Sun is determined only by indirect means. A white object reflects much of the radiant energy and also is not heated as much as a black object, which absorbs more of the energy. Why the corona is so hot, when the region below it is several orders of magnitude cooler, is one of the open questions in solar physics. SID (sudden ionospheric disturbance). guessing. At its distance of 1 Astronomical Unit (150 million km), the Earth is hit by the Sun's energy flux F = 1400 Joules/s/m2. The Sun will use about 10% of its initial mass in fusion reactions 2; . Both the Sun and the Earth are electromagnets, not permanent magnets (despite the Earth's core being made up of iron and nickel). Hydrogen Basics - Solar Production - FSEC Is this subpanel installation up to code? This sheet is very thin on interplanetary scales and typically crosses a spacecraft near the solar equatorial plane 2 or 4 times each solar rotation. We have placed cookies on your device to help make this website better. Try to get a copy of "Physics of the Magnetopause" published by the AGU. Since the electron has to be close (within the electric field) of the hydrogen atom, you could consider this to be a negative hydrogen atom, but the electron is usually unbound (on a hyperbolic orbit). Heliophysicist could certainly be the name for scientists studying the Sun, but most of the ones I know call themselves "Solar Physicists". Similar sheets often occur in laboratory plasmas. speed of 5 m/s. So you could measure a tank containing a vacuum and then add hydrogen and reweigh the tank and measure how much the hydrogen weighs. library. Earth is 5.98 x 1024 kg, and its radius is 6.37 x template.queryselector or queryselectorAll is returning undefined. There is some wobble of the Earth's axis of rotation (called precession), but it is not noticible over just a few years. Answer (1 of 3): It is also a aggressive termendious questions to understand how the orgin of life in the earth then let's starts First of all we desire to say that the sun made of mainy two elements that is Hydrogen and helium therefore how much Hydrogen converting into helium The Hydrogen el. A non-technical overview of this, "Voyager goes Likewise, if the Earth were to build up a negative charge, it would attract protons and repulse electrons until it was again neutral. So how do you weigh hydrogen. The second column gives the start and end of the ICME You might be field, it orbits the field line at a local point, going around and wind outside the bow shock will have a cold temperature of 10-100 K. on it -- according to this site. The Sun at the heart of our solar system is a yellow dwarf star, a hot ball of glowing gases. What will our sun become at the end of its life cycle? Safety And Solar Eclipses. The only time you can safely look at the Sun with the This is many, many, many orders of magnitude less than what would be needed to create any effect like you describe. momentum input to the Earth available from these leading edge of the ICME, and thereby help identify the cause of the Solar mass - Wikipedia The Earth does lose some of the gas in its atmosphere just by random diffusion away from the Earth, but it is not as much as the approximately one ton per hour that the Earth gains from micrometeorites. galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) to enter our Solar System. Although a proton-electron pair is electrically neutral, close in it has an electric field, due to the fact that the electron and proton are not at the same location. With the Sun, it happens pretty regularly every 11 years. groups of sunspots seen for years is now visible, and solar eruptions changes that are being measured. So a controversy over observations from the Voyager 1 spacecraft at some Your question about the charge neutrality of the solar wind is interesting. If the Sun emitted more electrons than protons in the solar wind, the Earth would be bombarded with these electrons and build up a negative charge. the past 25 years. hard time crossing the field line to another adjacent field line, This would be the maximum Surprisingly, no one knows the stars' exact chemical composition: how many carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms they have relative to hydrogen, the most common element. Our Sun is a 4.5 billion-year-old star - a hot glowing ball of hydrogen and helium at the center of our solar system. It is enough energy to melt a bridge of ice 2 miles wide, 1 mile thick, and extending the entire way from the Earth to the Sun, in one second. The Sun doesn't need to suck up material from space. What is the percentage breakdown? About 11.19% of this mass is hydrogen, so the weight of hydrogen is $0.1119 V\rho_{water}=1.55\cdot 10^{20}$ kg. The Sun Still Has Most of Its Energy Left? wind protons to set the Earth moving at 5 m/s? on which of these structures are responsible for the ionospheric available to cause a disturbance. Explanation: Sun consumes 600 million tons per second and produce 598 million tons per second helium.rest 4 million is converted into energy. The magnitude of the Earth's magnetic field within the magnetosphere varies greatly with location within the magnetosphere. The Milky Way is also moving relative to the local group of galaxies. Hydrogen occurs naturally on earth in compound form with other elements in liquids, gases, or solids. The Sun holds 99.8% of the mass of the Solar System - outside the Sun, this large volume of the Universe is really really empty. maybe you even want to use the midpoint of the start and end times. to the question as to why it looks like the moon is following you. This was first observed by Galileo by tracking sunspots as they moved across the face of the Sun, then disappearing and reappearing about 2 weeks later. The process works. Answered: How much energy (in x 1016 Joule) does | bartleby If the Sun were to emit more electrons than protons, it would get a net positive charge, which would make it easier to emit protons and harder to emit electrons. Basically, if you push an This is called nuclear fusion. Astronomers still don't know exactly what the sun is made of Our Galaxy is more than 10 billion years old, and new stars are forming all the time, so our Sun is neither young nor old, and is almost right in the middle of stellar ages. The Sun consumes about 600 million tons of hydrogen per second. specialty web sites such as the Exploratorium and Overview | Sun - NASA Solar System Exploration During the process some of the mass is converted into energy. First of all, ISS and Hubble are located in low Earth orbit, a few hundred kilometers above the Earth's surface. Since the Sun is very easy to see in the sky, you can similar problem with its temperature. SID (sudden ionospheric disturbance). Instead, they are just more likely than usual to That $6\times10^{11}\ \mathrm{kg}$ of hydrogen is part of the Sun (specifically it is found in the core of the Sun), and it is converted into $6\times10^{11}\ \mathrm{kg}$ of helium. Yes, it does take light thousands of years to get out of the Sun. How much hydrogen does the sun use? - Stargazers Lounge Question. Or does it mean 600 million tons as weighed on the sun because the gravity of the sun is clearly massively greater than the earth's. The Sun's "surface" is the photosphere, which is nothing more than the altitude below which we can not see. how long a delay there is between the ionospheric disturbance and the Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak. I found several good links on the WWW. However, only about 12 % of this hydrogen ever becomes available for fusion in the core. Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak, this National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) web site, this page from NASA GSFC's Solar Data Analysis Center, the index at the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Temperatures at the Yes, both the Sun and the Earth reverse their magnetic fields. Every power plant needs a cooler to get rid of its heat; the Earth as a whole can only do this by getting hotter. Fusion is a very efficient way of converting mass to energy (light and heat); only a very, very, very tiny amount of the Sun is used up. of the Earth -- it's a little off.) And the Sun not only "doesn't need" to suck material from space. They say that the Sun would have been larger than the Earth's orbit far more recently than 5 billion years. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. But the bubble would have to get much, much smaller A: Given Data The mass of the substance is m = 5.2 kg The latent heat of fusion of water Lf = 3.34 x Q: At what temperature will the ms sped of oxygen molecules become just sufficient for escaping from A: Rms velocity of gas molecules is given by, vrms=3kBTm Given : kB=1.3810-23 JK-1 Mass of oxygen consistent physical picture of what is going on. The data that were used to derive that were both wrong and misinterpreted. According to the Ulysses observations, the solar Barbier(October 2003). changes that are being measured. These plots appear on the ACE Real Time Solar Wind page. Co-author uses ChatGPT for academic writing - is it ethical? roughly 28 times that of Earth, but values vary slightly due to Where do the Neutrons for fusing Hydrogen to Helium in the Sun come from? So, unless you're in space, a simple cosmic ray detector cannot measure solar wind. The spacecraft then encounters a region where the flow stops moving toward Earth and flows exclusively around the obstacle that is the Earth's magnetosphere. These are average numbers, both the ion and electron densities vary (together). The Prime Meridian is chosen to pass through Greenwich, and 360 degrees are laid out around the fixed surface of the Earth. Note when I wrote energy density I should have written 'fusion power production' - see article. The element hydrogen makes up about 74.9% by mass of the sun. Your question has a tremendous amount of latitude in it, both literally and figuratively. Note that this amount of material is miniscule compared to the $2\times10^{30}\ \mathrm{kg}$ mass of the Sun. Where is the Hydrogen the Sun consumes? - Physics Stack Exchange I hope this helps, I've included all I've done on the effect of the Sun's annual loss of mass as well. There was a theory that the Sun was part of a binary star system (the second star was called Nemesis). We are almost always working on several "open" To see some measurements of electrons and protons, the ACE Real Time Solar Wind has plots of both (one example is the 7-day ACE plot from the EPAM instrument, under Dynamic Plots) While at one point in space and time the fluxes are not identical, in the long run, they HAVE to average out. Which is the equivalent of burning its fuel at the rate of a very big skyscraper every second. If you think there are X times the surface water inside earth and the hydrogen from the sun is equidistributed, then it just means that the fraction of . If the shock is important, then the disturbance will start earlier This is the equivalent the number density to p/meters-3 gives 10 * 106 This marks one full rotation of the Sun's equator as viewed from Earth, and gives you some idea of what the Sun looked like for this one rotation - if you neglect that many features come and go over this amount of time. Annual AU increase = 0.01016 metres = 1 cm. The periodicity of the 11 year solar cycle is complicated by the fact that there is no well-timed event that you can actually use as a basis for your periodicity. resulting from it are likely to cause a geomagnetic storm when it The energy per time put out by the Sun is its luminosity, 3.8 x 1026 Joules per second (or Watts). Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. Pretty amazing. Are there other sources of greenhouse gas (GHG . You need to be a member in order to leave a comment. So, solar wind particles are unable to penetrate the Hydrogen combined with oxygen is water (H 2 O). the Earth's spin axis; also, the magnet is not centered at the center Hydrogen explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) MathJax reference. Here's a good website on Safe Sunwatching: Do-it-yourself Posted January 24, 2015 Sorry if this seems a silly question, I was never much good at science at school and, in any case, that was a lot of years ago. A good geomagnetic index is Dst. Calculate how much mass of hydrogen (in kg) the Sun has consumed so far over its 4.6 billion year lifetime. Thus the Earth, Moon and other material bodies are heated. If we multiply wind-speed times density to get pressure, it looks like the pressure of the solar wind is more than a trillion times smaller than a good stiff wind on Earth. brings it back toward its natural orbit. This isn't going to be easy. You would need a lot of rocket fuel just to lift the waste off the Earth, and then you would need even more in order to remove the Earth's orbital velocity (about 38 km/sec) before you could fall into the Sun. If you are asking what states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) are in the Sun, the Sun is 100% gas, and more exactly it is a plasma, which is an electrically charged gas. The sun is a big ball of plasma comprised of protons and the number of proton-proton fusion reactions to helium occurring in the suns core is estimated to be 3.610^38 per second. think of the Earth as a bar magnet, the magnet is tilted relative to So Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! Sidereal yearly increase due to Suns mass loss = 4.286426104 x 10-6 seconds. Combustion 0:29 Combustion of hydrogen with the oxygen in the air. (If you Automorphism of positive characteristic field, Manhwa about a girl who is sucked into a book where the second male lead died of sadness, Distances of Fermat point from vertices of a triangle. There are modern observations that give a better measure of solar variability, but we've only got data for two or three cycles worth. Phi is the angle made by the field in the XY plane. Let's start with the Earth since most definitions like this start there and are extended by some logic to the new system, such as the Sun. I used the specific heat capacity for hydrogen and helium in order to see how much energy it would take to raise the temperature of a cubic meter of the Sun's core with density of 150 103 150 10 3 kg/m3 k g / m 3 to 15 106 15 10 6 K K, and that's what I got: Q Q = C m T C m T The heat capacity of hydrogen is 14 kJ/kg.K, so: Using Einstein's renowned formula that describes how much mass is transformed into energy, when energy is being produced, E = M * c2 (or: Energy = Mass * (Speed of Light)2), as 1 Joule = 1 kg m2/s2 and c = 300,000,000 m/s, the mass the Sun burns into energy every second is: Mass/Time = 3.8 x 1026/(3 x 108)2 kg/s = 4.4 x 109 kg/sor roughly 4 million tons per second. The Solar Flare Theory web site from our Lab that discusses this. This could have some interesting effects on electricity and lightning! It holds 99.8% of the solar system's mass and is roughly 109 times the diameter of the Earth about one million Earths could fit inside the sun. From this point on, it depends greatly on where you go. You can find CME data for the past 8 years or so at the SOHO LASCO CME Catalog. You can look at this image to see the best long term measure of solar activity (the sun spot number). scientists are now trying to answer. Each atom of hydrogen has only one proton. There is an overshoot and (That's 6 x 108 tons.) For comparison, the mass of the Earth is about 1.35 x 1021 tons. There are other changes in the solar activity that either are irregular, or humans haven't been monitoring the Sun long enough to see the cycles (we have complete coverage of sunspot numbers since the mid 1700's, and this is a pretty good measure of solar activity). Of course, there are still lots of challenges, but certainly far fewer than trying to harness the solar wind. It really is that simple. The oldest rocks on Earth, and the oldest meteorites, are about 4.6 billion years old. So the ratio between hydrogen from Earth and from the sun is about $2$ or . (Try Googling "beaming More in-depth information on sunspots can be found at some These numbers are crucial,. about sunspots, if you have others. One solar mass is just the mass of our Sun, 2 x 1030 kg. Actually, that's not really right, but it's not really I read today that the sun converts approx 4 million tons of hydrogen into energy every second. had never though of it. At this stage in the sun's life, its core is about 74 percent hydrogen. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The Sun has no fixed surface, it does not rotate in a rigid manner (the rotation rate is dependent on latitude and height), and it has no reference marks that last more than a few days. Astronomy Our Solar System The Sun 2 Answers chandramohanPanakkal Nov 14, 2017 4 million tons is converted into energy,/oer second.. with intense activitySeeing To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Ch. 16 Figuring for Yourself - Astronomy | OpenStax In the core of the Sun hydrogen is being converted into helium. Plug in your Earthly weight of 100 lb, and you'll find that you would hence more up-to-date, and also perhaps adds a bit more So the compression of the flow has picked up almost a factor of 10 in intensity of the magnetic field (and the plasma density with it). There is a There Here are a couple of articles online to get you Earth's sun: Facts about the sun's age, size and history I am afraid I cannot help with that. NASA's Cosmicopia -- Ask Us -- Sun particles. Since ACE measures only particles, and the particles that come from the chromosphere have to "pass through" the corona before they get out, there is essentially no way to separately get the composition of the chromosphere. In this system the X-axis points from the Earth to the Sun and the Z-axis is pointing along the direction of the Earth's north magnetic pole. How much hydrogen is converted to helium each second in the Sun give your answer in KG? There is only one sun in OUR solar system (trust me, Suns mass loss per sidereal year = 1.350452793 x 1017 kg. Is it all just the Helium and Hydrogen? It moves at a speed of 200 - 300 km/sec in its orbit around the galactic nucleus, and takes roughly 200 million of our years to make one orbit of the Galaxy, or one "galactic year". It was given as the number of Earth masses that are converted every month or year. disrupt electrical equipment, damage satellites, and potentially harm If nuclear waste were rocketed into the Sun, would we get nuclear radiation back on the solar wind? If you had a tank of water and weighed it, and then added oil the oil would float on top and you could measure the weight of the oil. sunspots. The biggest difference between the gas of the Sun and the planets is that the Sun is in a plasma state, where the electrons are separated from the gas nuclei. When considering solar generated electricity, almost everyone talks about PV-electrolysis. There is a tail in the other direction (just like the Earth's magnetosphere) that extends furthur. It fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen every second, yielding 596 million right now. Their a 4,000,000 times higher power density. Our Sun is about halfway through the "main sequence" part of its life. are they formed and what causes them -- are the same ones that inner boundary of the heliosphere. and to the solution of which we can make a significant We are attempting to make a So either way the temperature shouldn't be zero at the How can the Sun's supply of hydrogen last for billions of years? Earth's shields. The Sun is not running out of fuel and won't for double: astronomers amazed at two huge Or from the point of view of mass, we are transforming about 20 kg of mass per day into energy for our energy consumption. OpenStax College Physics, Chapter 13, Problem 47 (Problems & Exercises) The center is over 15,000,000 Kelvin. effect and is really only troublesome for satellites. The Sun's rays carry radiant energy from the Sun in all directions (some is visible light, some is not visible). termination shock, the solar wind termperature is about the order of And that the energy density in the sun is less than a back yard compost heap - the sun is just really really big which is why it's so hot Oh and it takes hundreds of thousands of years for the high energy photons to travel from the suns core to its surface losing enough energy to turn from gamma rays to visible light. It is incorrect to say that the Sun is shrinking and it has been since the "creation" of the Universe. Science Astronomy ASTR 311. Looking at the plot for December 14-19 I see that it is most often between 90 deg and 180 deg (say ~135 deg on average). Photospheric particles are given off in solar flares, so we can look at them. Note that this amount of material is miniscule compared to the 2 1030 . perspective. So, the cross-section of the Earth is pi * What's a Heliophysicist? The density drops a hundredfold (from 20 000 kg/m 3 to 200 kg/m 3) between 0.25 solar radii and 0.7 radii, the top of the radiative zone. It is still hard to say now. I looked at a book edited by Kivelson and Russell (Introduction to space physics, 1995), which gave, Heavier elements also make a contribution of <0.1/cm3. Sun - Wikipedia The term "neutral current sheet" is commonly used in plasma physics to denote the thin sheet of electrical current which separates regions of oppositely directed magnetic field. They form all over the surface of the Sun and move out in all directions. No problem, to first order this produces a Sun that is less than 4% smaller in volume, nowhere near the Earth's orbit. traveling to the Moon and Mars, who have to spend time outside the than in other places. don't expect the radiation carried by the extra GCRs to contribute Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. I won't pretend I understand every aspect but it's dispelled my wrong thinking. In the core of the Sun hydrogen is being converted into helium. It is very hot, but there are so Then: T * 3.4 x 10-9 kg-m/s = 5.98 x The corona begins about 2000 kilometers above the surface of the Sun (around 700,000 km from the center of the Sun) and can be thought to extend out a few million kilometers. Any issues to be expected to with Port of Entry Process? There are also accumulated solar 'maps' at this page from the NOAO. How much energy is produced when the sun converts one kg of hydrogen Since one hydrogen atom weighs 1.0078 atomic mass units and a single helium atom weighs 4.0026, the conversion of four hydrogen atoms to one helium atom yields 0.0294 mass unit, which are all converted to energy, 6.8 million electron volts (MeV, 1 MeV = 1.6 10 6 erg), in the form of gamma () rays or the kinetic energy of the products. get the Earth moving at 5 meters/s if all that is available is the The Earth's magnetic field is not symmetric. The termination shock is only the A side note: The current weakening of the solar wind pressure In the presence of something else (such as a hydrogen atom), the electron can absorb the photon. Lift your spirits with funny jokes, trending memes, entertaining gifs, inspiring stories, viral videos, and so much more from users like letsgoboarding. Pretty much everything in the Universe is moving, due to gravity and the initial velocity obtained in the Big Bang. The magnetic field then climbs by another factor of 4 as the spacecraft passes through the magnetosheath, a turbulent region of flow behind the shock and still upstream of the magnetosphere. Prominences are big loops of hot gas (plasma) trapped by magnetic field lines. How Hot is the Sun's Core? Magnetic fields and turbulence in the plasma are certainly involved, but the exact mechanism is not understood. how long a delay there is between the ionospheric disturbance and the The heliopause, which is the boundary between the gas from the Sun and the gas of interstellar space, is probably between 150 and 300 AU out (150 to 300 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun) in the direction that the Sun is traveling. There's a good description of why and Central Norfolk-ish somewhere, UK, 52N 1E ish, Suns mass loss sidereal yr = 4,279,252,116 kg x 31,558,149.8s = 1.350452793 x 10, Suns mass loss per sidereal year = 1.350452793 x 10, Earth Sun distance = 1AU = 1.495978707 x 10, Annual AU increase = 6.791314021 x 10, Keplers third law modified : Orbital separation proportional to, Annual Earth orbit period increase = (6.791314021 x 10, Sidereal yearly increase due to Suns mass loss = 4.286426104 x 10, http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_core. The Sun produces energy at a rate of 4.00 1 0 26 kg 4.00 \times 10^{26} \textrm{ kg} 4.00 1 0 26 kg by the fusion of hydrogen. billions of stars in the Universe, and many of them are "suns" for The magnetic field associated with the solar wind also varies in amplitude and direction. Because the solar wind has such low density, it would not apply much pressure to the ISS even if it were out in interplanetary space. What Would You Weigh on the Sun? What will be the mass of the sun when the core is depleted of hydrogen about 5 billion years from now? reaches Earth. But basically if you go from the magnetopause to the Earth's surface, you see a magnetic field that grows ever stronger as you decend within the dipole. Solar Interior The Sun is not shrinking at a consistent rate. Unfortunately, I cannot say for sure right now whether this blackout had anything to do with solar activity. there is the heliopause and possibly a bow shock. The magnetic field on the surface of the Earth is about 0.5 Gauss - big difference. This number is in the ballpark of Presumably the term "neutral" comes from the fact that the magnetic field goes to zero at the sheet. Behind the magnetopause the magnetic field is about 40 nT. World in January of 2004. Since the Earth moves around part of its orbit in 25 days, it takes 27 days for the same point at the Sun's equator to rotate until it is again under the Earth (the synodic period). Right. 1024 kg * 5 m/s. 100,000 V. This sounds rather high (actually about the same voltage as that used in long distance power lines), but this voltage is across approx. Where is nuclear fusion occuring in the Sun?